Fenomenologi Husserl: Sebuah Cara “Kembali Ke Fenomena”

Fenomenologi semakin sering digunakan sebagai metode penelitian keperawatan. Fenomenologi merupakan pendekatan ilmiah yang bertujuan untuk menelaah dan mendeskripsikan fenomena sebagaimana fenomena tersebut dialami secara langsung tanpa adanya proses interpretasi dan abstraksi. Terdapat banyak ahli fenomenologi dengan pemahaman yang berbeda-beda baik sebagai filosofi maupun sebagai metode penelitian. Walaupun demikian, Husserl tetap dikenal sebagai penemu dan tokoh sentral fenomenologi. Fenomenologi Husserl menekankan bahwa untuk memahami fenomena seseorang harus menelaah fenomena apa adanya. Oleh karena itu seseorang harus menyimpan sementara atau mengisolasi asumsi, keyakinan, dan pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki agar mampu melihat fenomena apa adanya atau melakukan proses bracketing. Selanjutnya, fenomena hanya terdapat pada kesadaran seseorang yang mengalaminya. Karena itu fenomena hanya dapat diamati melalui orang yang mengalami. Husserl tidak pernah menerjemahkan filosofinya menjadi metode penelitian terstruktur. Walaupun demikian terdapat bermacam-macam metode yang dianggap paling cocok dan sesuai dengan filosofi Husserl seperti metode Spiegelberg dan Coalizzi. AbstractPhenomenology has been recognized that the utilization of phenomenology in nursing research is increasing. Phenomenology is a scientific approach that attempts to analyze and describe the phenomena, as they are experienced by persons without interpreting and abstracting them. There are well known phenomenologist with different views and interpretations of phenomenology both as a philosophy and as a research method. However, Husserl has always been acknowledged as the founder and central figure of the phenomenological movement. Husserlian phenomenology emphasizes that to understand the phenomena someone needs to see the phenomena as they themselves. Therefore, someone needs to bracket assumptions, beliefs, and knowledge about the phenomena to be able to see the phenomena as they themselves. Furthermore, Husserl believes that the phenomena dwell deep inside the consciousness of the persons to whom the phenomena appear. Therefore, to understand the phenomena someone needs to turn to the persons who experienced the phenomena. Husserl has not derived his philosophy into a structured method of inquiry. However, there are various available methods of inquiry that were compatible with Husserlian phenomenological philosophy, such as Spiegelberg's and Colaizzi's method